托福阅读生态学专业学科词汇梳理

托福阅读文章涉及各类学科领域，可以说是无所不考，文章中涉及到的多样学科词汇给考生阅读速度的提升和阅读理解准确度的提高带来了不少的困扰，下面小编就和大家分享托福阅读生态学专业学科词汇梳理，希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读生态学专业学科词汇梳理

1. ecologist 生态学家

2. ecosystem 生态系统

We all have an interest in maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem. 维持生态系统的完整是我们共同的利益.

3. balance (of nature) 自然界生态平衡

4. fauna 动物群

Composition of birds fauna and habitats are also analysed and evaluated.文章还对库区鸟类的区系组成和生态环境进行了分析与评价.

5. flora 植物群

The subtropical island has a remarkably rich native flora.这个亚热带岛屿有相当丰富的乡土植物种类.

6. rain forest 雨林

7. food chain 食物链

This poses a threat to agriculture and the food chain, and consequently to human health.这会对农业和食物链造成威胁，由此而危及人的健康。

8. acid rain 酸雨

9. greenhouse effect 温室效应

The specific impact of the greenhouse effect is unknowable.温室效应的具体影响无法知道。

10. infrared radiation 红外线辐射

Radiative transfer of infrared radiation through the atmosphere is animportant geophysicl process.红外辐射在大气中的传输是重要的地球物理过程.

11. ozone layer (ozonosphere) 臭氧层

The ozone layer surrounding the earth protects our skin from being hurtby the ultraviolet rays.环绕地球的臭氧层保护着我们的皮肤免受紫外线的伤害.

Reflections from the ground and subsequent refractions by theozonosphere, cause the usual repeat focus pattern.地面的反射以及随后臭氧层的折射, 会引起那种常见的重复焦点现象.

12. ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射

Ultraviolet radiation threatens other forms of life as well.紫外线辐射也威胁着其他形式的生命.

13. pollution 污染

14. pollution control 污染控制

15. air pollution 空气污染

16. water pollution 水污染

17. noise pollution 噪音污染

18. soil pollution 土壤污染

19. pollution-free 无污染

People would benefit greatly from a pollution-free vehicle.人们将享受到无污染汽车的诸多好处。

20. pollutant 污染物

21. noxious (toxic) 有毒的

Heavy industry pollutes our rivers with noxious chemicals.重工业产生的有毒化学品会污染我们的河流。

22. fumes (有毒)废气

23. waste 废物

Overcrowding has taxed the city's ability to deal with waste.人口过多使得城市的垃圾处理能力达到了极限。

24. solid waste 固体垃圾

25. sewage (wastewater) 污水

There should be greater treatment of sewage before it is discharged.污水排放之前应该进行更充分的处理。

26. sewage purification 污水净化

27. sewage disposal 污水处理

28. decibel (噪音)分贝

The decibel level was mounting.噪音在增强。

应该如何应对托福写作中的无话可说

无话可说是一个极端，有的考生题目看得懂，提纲也一目了然，就是不知道该写什么，在考场上头脑一片空白，想到的也只是空泛的东西。在这种情况下，即使是用中文也难以写好，更何况要用英文去表达。

对此办法就是要善于联想到一些具体的事实、具体的例证以及具体的现象。比如说，要谈论电视节目这一话题，可以联想到新闻联播，并由此想到它让人们开阔视野，了解世界，但有人觉得话题太熟悉了，反而一时说不出什么来。

其实，作文题一般是永恒的话题，在任何时候都可以讨论;或为当代话题，让所有的人都会有话可说。题目是公平的，不会让某一专业的考生有特别的优势。

所以，考生一定能联想起具体细小的事情，再形成观点。把看得见摸得着的事物带来的思考变成作文里的分支观点，具体细节内容变成证据。这不失为一种很好的策略。例如，“计算机的利与弊”这个话题似乎太大，但是可能想到的具体的现象是小孩、学生要在计算机前玩计算机游戏。由此带来的思考是，这些学生整天呆在那里对他们的头脑是有害的(harmful to their minds)，并且浪费大量时间(waste a lot of time)。

因此，当头脑出现空白时，应该将具体的、细小的、琐碎的、微不足道的事物所引发的思考变成观点，再进行论述。这种定式思维的形成需要多下工夫。从无话可说到有话可说，下面的例子让人不无启发：在多种场合下，经常要欢迎领导讲几句话。领导往往首先开口说：同志们(大家)好，我利用这个机会讲三句话。接着讲句话时，脑子里不知道第二句话是什么，讲第二句时，根本就没想第三句要说什么。但他终说了三句话，以“谢谢大家”结束讲话。“领导讲话1、2、3”成了一种定式，他总能找到有关内容讲几点，这种功夫是长期磨炼的结果，写作文也一样，平时需要多多练习这种思维。

托福写作中，这种无话可说的情况很多，大家可以按照上面介绍的技巧来进行自己的写作练习，经常练习就可以慢慢养成托福写作的时候边写边思考的习惯，在考试的时候就不会发生无话可说的情况。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists in essence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, covered with a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty of design, shape, and decoration is no accident: the proportions of the instrument are determined almost entirely by acoustical considerations. Its simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 parts are involved in the construction of a violin. Its tone and its outstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. No less important, however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument. In combination with the larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra.

The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its own right dates from the early 1600's, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras. Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626 Louis XIII of France established at his court the orchestra known as Les vingt-quatre violins du Roy (The King's 24 Violins), which was to become widely famous later in the century.

In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that the strings were thick and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher string tension. Small changes had to be made to the violin's internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both facility and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated, and new fingering patterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes.

1. The word standard in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) practical

(B) customary

(C) possible

(D) unusual

2. The King's 24 Violins is mentioned in line 15 to illustrate

(A) how the violin became a renowned instrument

(B) the competition in the 1600's between French and Italian orchestras

(C) the superiority of French violins

(D) why the violin was considered the only instrument suitable to be played by royalty

3. What is the main idea presented in paragraph 3?

(A) The violin has been modified to fit its evolving musical functions.

(B) The violin is probably the best known and most widely distributed musical instrument in the

world.

(C) The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.

(D) The technique of playing the violin has remained essentially the same since the 1600's.

4. The author mentions Vivaldi and Tartini in line 19 as examples of composers whose music

(A) inspired more people to play the violin

(B) had to be adapted to the violin

(C) demanded more sophisticated violins

(D) could be played only by their students

5. The word they in line 22 refers to

(A) Civaldi and Tartini

(B) thinner strings and a higher string tension

(C) small changes

(D) internal structure and fingerboard

6. The word strain in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) struggle

(B) strength

(C) strategy

(D) stress

7. The word Accordingly in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) However

(B) Consequently

(C) Nevertheless

(D) Ultimately

8. According to the passage , early violins were different from modern violins in that early violins

(A) were heavier

(B) broke down more easily

(C) produced softer tones

(D) were easier to play

9. According to the passage , which of the following contributes to a dull sound being produced

by a violin?

(A) A long fingerboard

(B) A small body

(C) High string tension

(D) Thick strings

10. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) resonator (line 2)

(B) solo (line 7)

(C) left-hand technique (line 25)

(D) fingering patterns (lines 24-25)

11. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to the ability to play modern

violin music EXCEPT

(A) more complicated techniques for the left hand

(B) different ways to use the fingers to play very high notes

(C) use of rare wood for the fingerboard and neck

(D) minor alterations to the structure of the instrumentANSWER KEYS

PASSAGE 100 BAACD DBCAA C