托福阅读解题使用排除法优势和局限性分析

托福阅读的题型多为选择题，而说到选择题很多同学都会立即想到用排除法来应对。今天小编给大家带来了托福阅读解题使用排除法优势和局限性分析,希望可以帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读解题使用排除法优势和局限性分析

托福阅读哪些题型能用排除法?

众所周知，根据托福官方指南OG上的说明，托福阅读中总共有10个不同的题型，而由于这些题型基本都是选择题，哪怕是句子插入题其实也是给出多个位置让考生选择一个位置插入句子，因此理论上托福阅读的所有题型都可以通过排除法来解决，这种方法毫无疑问在托福阅读中是具有相当广泛运用范围的实用解题技巧。

托福阅读用排除法有哪些好处?

那么，在托福阅读解题时使用排除法能够给大家带来哪些帮助呢?

1. 提升效率缩短用时

首先，最为直观明显的好处就是可以有效提升考生的解题效率，缩短大家的解题用时。托福考试中阅读部分的时间是相当紧张的，这和阅读部分文章篇幅长以及题目数量多有很大关系，而提升解题效率一直都是考生备考时需要重点攻克的难关。排除法能够帮助大家迅速缩小选择题的选择范围，特别是在有些选项本身自相矛盾或是存在严重错误漏洞时，用排除法来应对的提速效果是非常明显的。

2. 遇题不决先排除

而排除法的另一个好处就如上面所说具有很强的适用性。基本上考生一旦发现题目有些难以应对，多个选项一眼扫过很难顺利分辨时，祭出排除法这个法宝往往就能解决很多问题。甚至在许多同学看来，托福阅读解题但凡没思路时，用一下排除法总是不会有错的。排除法的存在无形中也给大家解答应对难题提供了一定的心理安慰和底气。

排除法并非万能技巧也有局限性

当然，凡是有利有弊，排除法虽然在托福阅读中具有较高实用性，但其本身也是存在弊端和局限性的，考生需要了解排除法不适用的场合，才能真正发挥出其价值，以下这些排除法的弊端需要大家了解：

1. 难以一锤定音

排除法的局限性之一在于难以一锤定音。托福阅读的选择题如今在选项设置上越来越针对单纯的排除法解题思路。一道题目四个选项中，一般都会设置两个存在较为明显问题的错误选项，这些选项能够被考生轻松发现并排除掉。但剩下的两个选项则存在很大的相似性，考生往往会难以做出进一步的选择来排除，这种情况下排除法就很难帮助大家做出抉择了。也就是说，排除法能够帮助大家缩小选择范围，但却往往很难指引考生找到最后的正确答案。

2. 简单题不适用

其次，托福阅读也并非所有题目都具有很高的难度和很强的干扰性选项。占据托福阅读题目中至少4分之1数量的词汇题中，有不少题目都非常简单，比如问你一个词汇在文章里是什么意思，给出的4个选项就是4个单词。考生只要认识这个词汇，往往能直接作出选择。这种情况下就完全没有必要使用到排除法了。有些同学谨慎起见还是会用排除法来过一遍答案，然而很多时候都有浪费时间之嫌。明明能够直接选出答案却还是非得用一下排除法才能放心，排除法在给予考生心理安慰的同时，也不知不觉中造成了考生缺乏自信过度依赖的心态，这对于提升解题效率是较为不利的。

其实无论哪种解题方法，都必然存在其适合发挥的场合，也肯定会有一些无法使用的限制情况，小编希望各位同学能够合理且巧妙的运用多种解题技巧来辅助自己答题，而不是死脑筋的一种方法用到底。以上对于托福阅读解题中运用排除法解题的优势和局限性分析，希望大家能够认真了解一下。

托福阅读素材之石油资源

Petroleum Resources

石油资源

1.Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.

段落梗概：石油和天然气都是来自海底的有机物沉淀。部分有机物分解，部分沉积。

2.Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.

段落梗概：持续的沉积——堆积物沉积到海底的过程将有机物埋在海底使之受到海底温度、高压的影响，最终转变成石油和天然气。当泥状沉积物被挤压在一起时，天然气和石油液滴会被挤出泥层，然后进入附近的沙层。经过很长的一个周期(数百万年)，积聚的天然气和石油会在沙层中聚集。

3.Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.

段落梗概：关于石油开采的一些介绍：包括油床、油田、井架概念的介绍;石油开采中的技术控制;以及地下的原油分离;石油用途等等。

4. As oil becomes increasingly difficult to find, the search for it is extended into more-hostile environments. The development of the oil field on the North Slope of Alaska and the construction of the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries. Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean’s continental shelves—those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents. More than one-quarter of the world’s oil and almost one-fifth of the world’s natural gas come from offshore, even though offshore drilling is six to seven times more expensive than drilling on land. A significant part of this oil and gas comes from under the North Sea between Great Britain and Norway.

段落梗概：石油越来越难以找到，石油勘探已经开始到更恶劣的环境中进行。举了一个例子：阿拉斯加北坡油田的开发和阿拉斯加管道建设就是成本高、难度大的例子。

5. Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface. The rest is far too difficult to extract and has to remain underground.

段落梗概：地下还能发现更多的石油。许多石油资源都是由于开采费用高、地理位置不能开采等原因不得不留在地下。

6.Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line. Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults or landslides, causing serious oil spills. Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea. Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment. Sometimes, the ground at an oil field may subside as oil is removed. The Wilmington field near Long Beach, California, has subsided nine meters in 50 years;protective barriers have had to be built to prevent seawater from flooding the area. Finally, the refining and burning of petroleum and its products can cause air pollution. Advancing technology and strict laws, however, are helping control some of these adverse environmental effects.

段落梗概：从地下和海底开采石油并运送到消费者的途中的任何地方都会产生环境问题。石油运输管道损坏造成严重的石油泄漏，会导致海上产生浮油。海上钻井平台也可能会泄露石油，导致海滩污染，危害环境。有时油田石油被抽取后，地面会下沉。举例。石油炼制、燃烧也会造成空气污染。先进的技术和严格的法律正在控制这些对环境的不利影响。

疑难词：

petroleum n. 石油

marine adj. 船舶的;航海的，海运的

sediment n. 沉积;沉淀物

decompose vt. 分解;腐烂vi. 分解;使腐烂

convert vi. 转变，变换

droplet n. 小滴，微滴

squeeze n. 压榨;紧握v. 挤;紧握;勒索

saturate adj. 浸透的，饱和的

drill vt. 钻孔;训练;条播vi. 钻孔

portable adj. 手提的，便携式的

dismantle vt. 拆除;取消vi. 可拆卸

collision n. 碰撞;冲突

ashore adj. 在岸上的;在陆上的adv. 在岸上

adverse adj. 不利的;相反的

托福阅读素材：欧洲的岩洞艺术

Cave Art in Europe

欧洲的岩洞艺术

1.The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as 60,000 years ago.

段落梗概：在发现的早期工艺品中，西班牙与法国南部的岩洞画显示出了高超的技艺，在非洲南部发掘出的自然石板画也是如此。而且通过考古发掘发现，非洲绘画与欧洲绘画一样历史久远;欧洲人在岩石和悬崖断面上作画的历史更久。

2.The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances;(2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves;and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.

段落梗概：研究人员指出西欧洞画的三个主要地点：(1)在明显有遮蔽可供人类居住的岩石和洞穴入口处，(2)在居住的洞穴一出门的走廊上(3)在洞穴所能及的最深处

3.The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.

段落梗概：绘画的主题大部分都是动物。在洞穴绘画中，很少描绘人物。并猜测了原因。后石器时代的人们也相信画人物像会引起伤害或死亡;人们在探索如何提高打猎的命中率;或许是出于增加猎物的需求而画的画。

4.The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.

段落梗概：研究者们的研究结果更清楚地揭示了法国西南部的岩洞画的特殊象征性意义。研究显示，绘画者经常描绘的动物是喜欢食用的动物或喜欢用作兽皮的动物，另外画作中主要描绘了绘画者害怕的动物。结论：在旧石器时代晚期的人的经济中，岩洞艺术与打猎的重要性有关。

5.Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to cave paintings. Many shafts of spears and similar objects were decorated with figures of animals. The anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic. He believes that as far back as 30,000 B.C., hunters may have used a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark phases of the Moon. If this is true, it would mean that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and were consciously aware of their environment. In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.

段落梗概：旧石器时代晚期的艺术不仅仅局限于洞穴绘画。许多矛杆和类似的东西上都画了动物作为装饰。人类学家对旧石器时代晚期的一些雕刻品的解释意味着旧石器时代晚期的人们已经有了复杂的思维并对他们的环境有了一个理性的认识。人们还在旧石器时代晚期的遗址上发现了以夸张的形式描绘妇女的小雕塑。