GRE阅读解析倒装句

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GRE阅读解析倒装句

在GRE阅读中，考生往往会因为倒装结构的不清晰导致无法理顺整个句子的结构与来龙去脉，所谓倒装也就是为了实现强调句子的某个成分对原有句子结构进行的语言顺序上的某些调整和变化。某些情况往往说话人也会为了某种修辞目的采用倒装结构，修辞目的的倒装结构以文学作品居多。通常在考试的情况下，试题命题人往往会出于某种迷惑考生的目的，有意将句子结构进行改写，在GRE阅读的很多文章中我们都可以发现这种情况。下面我们就结合几个典型的实例来对倒装结构进行分析常见倒装搭配的几种情况：

及物动词加介词：固定词组的固定搭配中，经常出现倒装情况。

例如：bring A to B，写作：Bring to B A例：Yet Walter’s argument , however deficient , does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism-namely , that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who ,no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards , often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.

翻译：然而，沃尔泽的论点，无论它不充分到何种地步，确实揭示了资本主义体制中最为严重的一个弱点，即它将某一类人置于社会中的显赫位置，这类人无论以怎样合法的手段获得了其物质报酬，却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人爱戴和钦佩的品质。

如果从bring A to B的角度去分析这个句子，则这个句子应该将people who....or admiration写到it brings 后面，之所以原句子不这样做，则遵循了英语的句尾信息焦点原则，从而尾部信息成为一种受到强调的部位.根据这条原则，说话人要强调什么意思，便可以让他出现在句子的句尾，而传递的信息便主次分明了.句尾信息焦点和“尾重”原则就是采用这一原理.对比下面这两句话：

The patient was taken good care of, and began to recover immediately.

The patient was taken good care of, and immediately began to recover.

这两个句子的意思都是病人受到了很好的照顾，很快开始康复。但第一句的意义重心是immediately, 强调了康复的速度，而第二句的意义重心则在于“康复”而不强调“马上”。

另外上面的第一个例句中的倒装部分还考虑了一个因素，那就是使之读起来不至于让人产生头重脚轻的感觉，而"people who....or admiration"带有一个较长的定语从句，所以就放在了末尾，另外作者在本句中所强调的部分显然是"often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration，却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人爱戴和钦佩的品质"另外"no matter how......material rewards"为本句当中的一个插入语成分。

GRE阅读材料练习：要相信自己的身体很棒

You can. But it helps to think well of yourself in the first place.THE link between mind and body is terrain into which many medical researchers, fearing ridicule, dare not tread.But perhaps more should do so.For centuries, doctors have recognised the placebo effect, in which the illusion of treatment, such as pills without an active ingredient, produces real medical benefits.

你可以拥有很好的体魄。但首先，你要自我感觉好，这会有帮助的。许多医学研究者都不敢探究躯体和心理的关系，因为他们害怕，踏进这一领域会受人嘲笑。但也许，研究这方面的人应该多一些才好。几个世纪以来，医生已逐渐认可了安慰剂效应。因为患者会产生错觉，认为自己在接受治疗。比如，服用无活性成分的药片也能产生实际疗效。

More recently, respectable research has demonstrated that those who frequently experience positive emotions live longer and healthier lives.They have fewer heart attacks, for example, and fewer colds too.Why this happens, though, is only slowly becoming understood.What is needed is an experiment that points out specific and measurable ways in which such emotions alter an individual's biology.

根据最近的可靠的研究表明，平时积极乐观的人会活得更长久、更健康。比如，他们心脏病发作的次数更少，也很少感冒。然而，人们才开始慢慢了解这种情况发生的原因。人们需要的是做一场实验，明确这样的情绪是通过怎样具体的、可测量的方式来改变人的生理状况。

And a study published in Psychological Science, by Barbara Fredrickson and Bethany Kok at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, does precisely that.Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok concentrated their attentions on the vagus nerve. This nerve starts in the brain and runs, via numerous branches, to several thoracic and abdominal organs including the heart.Among its jobs is to send signals telling that organ to slow down during moments of calm and safety.

北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校的芭芭拉·弗雷德里克松和贝瑟尼·可可就是按照这个思路做了一项研究，并在《心理科学》上发表了相关论文。弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士把注意力集中在迷走神经上。这对神经起于颅腔，通过无数分支与胸腔、腹腔的几个脏器相连。它的其中一项工作就是为器官发送信号，让它们在躯体平静、安宁的状态下放缓节奏。

How effectively the vagus nerve is working can be tracked by monitoring someone's heart rate as he breathes in and out.Healthy vagal function is reflected in a subtle increase in heart rate while breathing in and a subtle decrease while breathing out.The difference yields an index of vagal tone, and the value of this index is known to be connected with health.Low values are, for example, linked to inflammation and heart attacks.

他们通过监测一个人吸气、呼气时的心率，追踪记录迷走神经如何有效地工作。如果吸气时心率略微增加，呼气时略微下降，则说明迷走神经工作正常。两次心率之差构成迷走神经张力指数。人们都知道该指数与健康程度有关。 例如，低指数就与炎症、心脏病发作几率有联系。

What particularly interested Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok was recent work that showed something else about the vagal-tone index: people with high tone are better than those with low at stopping bad feelings getting overblown.They also show more positive emotions in general.This may provide the missing link between emotional well-being and physical health.

让弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士特别感兴趣的是最近的研究，因为它显示了迷走神经张力指数的另一个性质：与张力指数低的人相比，指数高的人能更好地防止不良情绪失控。研究也显示，指数高的人大体上情绪更乐观。这也许弥补了心理健康与生理健康之间缺失的环节。

In particular, the two researchers found, during a preliminary study they carried out in 2010, that the vagal-tone values of those who experience positive emotions over a period of time go up.This left them wondering whether positive emotions and vagal tone drive one another in a virtuous spiral.They therefore conducted an experiment on 65 of the university's staff, to try to find out.

尤其值得注意的是，两位研究人员在2010年的初步探究中发现，人们如果体验一段时间的积极情绪，迷走神经张力指数会就增加。这为他们留下了疑念，积极情绪与迷走神经张力是否处于一个良性循环之中，互相促进?因此，他们对本校的65名员工展开实验，一探究竟。

They measured all of their volunteers' vagal tones at the beginning of the experiment and at its conclusion nine weeks later.In between, the volunteers were asked to go each evening to a website especially designed for the purpose, and rate their most powerful emotional experiences that day.Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok asked their volunteers to consider nine positive emotions, such as hope, joy and love, and 11 negative ones, including anger, boredom and disgust.

他们在实验开始时测量了所有志愿者的迷走神经张力指数，九周后实验结束时又再次测量。在实验期间，他们要求志愿者每天晚上登录一家专门为此设计的网站，为当天所经历的各种烈情绪评定等级。弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士为志愿者提供了九种可供考虑的积极情绪选项，如期待、开心、热爱，还有十一种消极情绪，包括愤怒、疲倦、厌恶。

They were asked to rate, on a five-point scale, whether—and how strongly—they had felt each emotion.One point meant not at all; five meant extremely.In addition, half the participants, chosen at random, were invited to a series of workshops run by a licensed therapist, to learn a meditation technique intended to engender in the meditator a feeling of goodwill towards both himself and others.

两位博士要求他们以五分制一一打分：是否有这样的情绪、情绪有多强烈。1分代表完全没有，5分代表非常强烈。此外，他们还随机邀请了一半志愿者到一个注册治疗师开的一系列工作坊中，学习冥想的技巧，旨在让冥想者产生一种善待自己、善待他人的情绪。

This group was encouraged to meditate daily, and to report the time they spent doing so.Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok discovered that vagal tone increased significantly in people who meditated, and hardly at all in those who did not.Among meditators, those who started the experiment with the highest vagal-tone scores reported the biggest increases in positive emotions.

在众多冥想者之中他们鼓励这组人每天冥想，并向他们报告冥想用的时间。弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士发现，冥想的人的迷走神经张力显著增加，而那些不冥想的人几乎没有任何变化。，那些实验一开始就拥有指数的人，积极情绪增加的幅度;

Meditators who started with particularly low scores showed virtually no such boost.Taken as a whole, these findings suggest high vagal tone makes it easier to generate positive emotions and that this, in turn, drives vagal tone still higher.That is both literally and metaphorically a positive feedback loop.Which is good news for the emotionally positive, but bad for the emotionally negative, for it implies that those who most need a psychosomatic boost are incapable of generating one.

而一开始指数就很低的人，几乎没有这样的奇效。作为一个整体来看，这些发现意味着，这迷走神经张力指数越高，越容易产生积极情绪;反过来，积极情绪又能促进指数的提升。无论是从直观还是隐含的角度看，这都是一个正反馈循环。对于情绪乐观的人来说，这是个好消息;但对于消极的人来说，情况正好相反，因为它意味着，那些最需要振作精神的人却往往无法产生积极情绪。

A further experiment by Dr Kok suggests, however, that the grumpy need not give up all hope.A simpler procedure than meditation, namely reflecting at night on the day's social connections, did seem to cause some improvement to their vagal tone.This might allow even those with a negative outlook on life to bootstrap their way to a mental state from which they could then advance to the more powerful technique of meditation.

然而可可博士的进一步研究表明，脾气不好的人也尚存希望。有一种比冥想简单的方法，即每天晚上对白天的社交活动进行反思，似乎能在一定程度上提高迷走神经张力指数。就算是对生活不抱希望的人，也可能通过这种方式自我解脱，达到另一种精神状态，然后他们可以进一步使用效果更好的冥想技巧。

Whether, besides improving general health, the mechanism Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok have discovered helps explain the placebo effect remains to be investigated.But it might, because part of that effect seems to be the good feeling engendered by the fact of being treated.More generally, doctors in the ancient world had a saying: a healthy mind in a healthy body.This sort of work suggests that though this proverb is true, a better one might be, a healthy mind for a healthy body.

除了提高综合健康水平，弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士发现的机制是否有助于解释安慰剂效应，还有待进一步研究。但这的确有可能，因为安慰剂效应就包括实验中因治疗产生的良好情绪。更为普遍的是，古代的医生就有个说法：身体好，精气儿足。而这个实验则启发人们，尽管谚语说得有理，但精气儿足，身体好可能才更准确。

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