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托福阅读说明类文章阅读技巧指点 结合实例从结构入手逐段分析
托福阅读说明文怎么看懂?
一般而言，托福阅读中的说明文会说明某个现象，文章的第一段是：介绍背景及引出下文;之后的主体段，结构也很清晰：主旨句Topic sentence + 解释句Explain + 举例子Examples + 总结句Summary。 其实跟我们高考语文有异曲同工之妙。下面来看实例解析：
The Roman Army's Impact on Britain(选自官方真题Official-19)
In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.
these troops had a considerable impact on Britain，也就是第一句说的是罗马军队对英国有影响。这句话相当于对题目的阐述，交代了文章的整个大背景。 之后2～4句其实交代前提，开始具体的说开，要估算军队对平民的影响首先要了解一个事实：士兵不是平均分布的。那既然不是平均分布，肯定是有多有少的。所以，第三句接着说了有些地方士兵少：很快融入帝国的区域;第四句说有些地方士兵多影响大：军队驻扎的地方。第5～7句说回重点，也就是what，到底有哪些影响：军营先要征地;然后会抢走当地领导参与政府的机会;之后社会发展受阻，人民不满而反抗，最后军事镇压。
首段的第一句话，虽然句子很长，但其实只需要抓住结构层次进行分析就能找到阅读重点。
所以总共7句话的段落，分层三个层次，主旨句+前提说明+重点阐述。事实上，段落第一句就完成了background+introduction双重目的：英国被罗马帝国征服+ 士兵的营地/防御工事以及参与当地经济所造成的影响。
Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. …… Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.
第二段一开始就交代了经济交换的影响：强大的购买力，以及帮助修建基础设施。
Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. …… These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.
第三段还是在讲经济：刚来的时候士兵有钱没地方花;最后军队驻扎地变成了小镇。
The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. …… By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.
第四段开始讲另一个重大影响：当地人通过当兵获得可继承的罗马公民地位。
This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.
第五段，做了个小总结，讲这种融合过程及当地招募促进了北部边境的稳定。
托福阅读长难句：释放水动能
They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency, the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its kinetic energy. (TPO29, 48)
blade /bleɪd/ n. (刀﹑ 剑﹑ 凿等的)刃;(划水桨﹑ 螺旋桨﹑ 锹﹑ 铲﹑ 板球击球板等的)扁宽平面部分
kinetic /kɪ'netɪk/ adj. 运动的，运动引起的
They revealed output powers (ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60) (for the largest wheels) and confirmed that (for maximum efficiency), the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, (having given up almost all of its kinetic energy).(TPO29, 48)
分析：
这个句子主干就是：
They revealed output powers and confirmed that
宾语从句的主干：the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed
中文：水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑地流过，并以最小的速度流走
修饰一：(ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60)，非谓语动词
中文：输出功率范围是从1马力到最大水轮可能输出的60马力
修饰二：(for the largest wheels)，介词短语
中文：对于最大水轮
修饰三：(for maximum efficiency)，介词短语
中文：为了达到最高效率
修饰四：(having given up almost all of its kinetic energy)，非谓语动词
中文：释放水的几乎所有动能
参考翻译：
它们(调查)显示输出功率范围是从1马力到最大水轮可能输出的60马力;它们也确定了要达到最高效率，水应该从叶轮上尽可能光滑地流过，并以最小的速度流走，释放水的几乎所有动能。
托福阅读长难句：清洗陶瓷碎片
This abundance is notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites) (where the labor (that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery)) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases ofexcavation).(TPO29, 42)
分析：
这个句子主干就是：
This abundance is notable in Roman settlements
这个句子理解的难点在于，where从句里中间有一个定语从句，把the labor和constitute隔开了，大家注意这样一个问题。这个问题只要能够理解，速读就不是问题了。
修饰一：(where the labor constitutes a high proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation)，从句
中文：在这些地方劳动占了挖掘初期总工作量的很高的比例
修饰二：(that archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery)) ，从句，修饰labor，难点就在于这个从句的理解，其实就是put the labor into the washing and storing of pots herds
中文：考古学家花在清洗分类陶瓷碎片上的劳动
参考翻译：
这种丰富性在罗马居住点(尤其在城市)很明显，在这些地方考古学家花在清洗分类陶瓷碎片上的劳动占了挖掘初期总工作量的很高的比例。
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