2020托福阅读infer题技巧

任何题型的考察都是围绕着托福阅读文章本身来的，我们只要理清了托福阅读文章的“套路”和逻辑，下面小编就和大家分享托福阅读infer题 ,希望能够帮助到大家，快来学习一下吧。

托福阅读infer题

“infer”意为推断推理，题干中有出现infer,imply,indicate或suggest这四个单词，我们就判定这个题目为托福阅读infer题(推断题or推理题)。托福阅读infer题顾名思义就是考察考生对文章没有明说观点或想法的推理能力，你可以理解为是考察隐藏的事实信息。如果让所有考生投票选择托福阅读中最难的题型，大概莫过于推断题和文章摘要题了，而文章摘要题我们尚且可以依赖文章结构框架把握，托福阅读infer题则是真正让很多同学感到头痛。

其实，任何题型的考察都是围绕着托福阅读文章本身来的，我们只要理清了托福阅读文章的“套路”和逻辑，完全可以根据作者的思路和风格去采取正向和逆向双重思维解决推断题。OG上将推断题定义为检查考生对文章中强烈建议但绝不明说观点(strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text)的理解程度，属于理解性题目。一般来说，托福阅读infer题主要有以下三个解题步骤：

1.判断题型。我们拿到题目，看到上面四个单词中的任何一个，心中就想着这是推断题，推断题的做题宗旨是文章强烈暗示，要通过文章内容进行合理推断。

2.审清题干，原文定位。仔细阅读题干，弄清题干内容，推断方向，带着题干核心信息到文章中准确定位。

3.推测+判断。根据相关句进行正向或逆向的推理，最后择优而选，确定答案。

托福文章有很清晰的逻辑结构，每个自然段往往是按照TS(Topic Sentence)+SD (Supporting details)展开的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects+Attitudes展开的。只有明白了文章的写作思路才能更好更快的做对题目，作者必定是按照一定的行文顺序编排段落的，如果画一个水平轴作为事件发展的顺序，推断题是让你从这个轴上的某一个点去推测，无非就两个方向，顺着轴发展的方向或者逆着轴发展的方向。具体来看，正向推断和事实信息题的做题方法一样，答案就是定位的句子的同义改写;逆向推断稍微复杂一点，大致分为时间和事物对比这两类。

1)两类事物对比，往往文中会出现表示对比的关系词：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等词。例如官方真题Official 2中的The Origins of Cetaceans的第2题，让考生推测关于early sea otters的，回到原文中定位，会发现关键句中存在着一个unlike,说不像sea otters,想象一下早期鲸类比较困难(not easy = difficult)，那我们逆推一下，不就是说想象早期sea otters长什么样比较容易，正确答案中出现了not difficult,所以这道题很简单。当然ETS不会一直都出这么简单的推断题，这里只是给大家一个答题的方向。

Paragraph 4: These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced "beaches" shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.

10. According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?

○Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.

○The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.

○Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.

○The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.

解析：根据关键词我们定位到文段的中间部分：Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean.

这道题可以当做事实信息题去做，但注意不是原文的简单重复，suggest是原文中indicate的同义转换，我们只要找到what就好了，原文that后面是重点，出现了too few, should have,情感态度推测一下，持否定态度，也就说说形成 an ancient ocean不太可能，我们看选项，A中说Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.主客体与原文矛盾，排除;B选项The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.说不适合形成大量的水，持否定态度，符合原文，保留;C选项Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.相关句中未提及，排除;D选项The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.说的是ancient oceans没有，而不是原来有后来干涸了，与原文不符，排除，所以正确答案为B。

2)题干中出现表示时间的信息，比如：after 1932,since early years of the 19th century.例如官方真题Official 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:

Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?

○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.

○They were able to sell their produce at high prices

○They had not been successful in raising cattle.

○They did not operate in a national market economy.

题干中出现了两个信息，一个是western farmers,一个是prior to 1815,带着两条信息去文中定位，定位在第一段第四行，但是文章中没有提到1815年之前，只有1815年之后，答案其实很简单，只要把1815年之后的内容看懂了，并且在这个内容前面加not即可。举个简单的例子，“从现在起Jessica是个姑娘”，“请问你能推断出昨天Jessica怎么了么?”可能很多人想到“是不是Jessica做了变性手术?”，其实这就算过分推断了，答案就是Jessica昨天不是个姑娘。言归正题，文中说到，改善的交通使得越来越多的西部农民摆脱了自给自足的生活，并且进入了国家性的市场经济，那个时候货物的价格很多，所以向西迁移的速率也大幅增长。

面对托福阅读infer题，我们要把握住文章的整体逻辑结构，根据具体情况去综合利用正向思维和逆向思维进行合理推断，同时注意千万不要过度推理。托福阅读infer题和其他任何托福题型的备考策略相似，不能光看攻略不做题，要通过有针对性的真题练习把这些技巧方法都融入到实际做题中，获得托福阅读能力与分数的同步提高。

托福阅读：阅读具体的句型结构

一、英语句子结构的原则

1、谓动单一性原则 在一个句子里，有且只有一个谓语动词。

2、主句单一性原则 在一个句子中，有且只有一个主句。(从句可以有若干个)

二、三大从句

1、名词性从句 主语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句

引导词 (what/how/that/why/whether)

结构 主语从句

what+VO=n. for eg.

what+SV=n. What you said is right.

形式宾语 Make it possible for sb.to do

that/how/why/whether+SVO=n.

That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式主语居多)

.形式主语和强调句的区别

形式主语 It + v + (that +SVO)=n.

n.=it

强调句 It is/was + A + that + B

SVO=A+B

而且通常情况下 It is/was……是强调句

同位语从句

同位语的实质 n1,n2—n1=n2

S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO

前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。

The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.

可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion……

同位语和定语从句的区别

同位语的句子中，前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。

The fact, that the sun is round.

定语从句中，引导词充当成分。

The book, that you bought for me. “that”充当宾语。

Example

It is generally accepted that the single super continent known as Pangaea indeed existed, that Pangaea subsequently broke apart into two giant pieces, Gondwanaland in the south and Laurasia in the north, and that the continents attached to the various crustal plates separated and drifted in various directions.

人们普遍接受，Pangaea 以一个特别大的陆地形式存在，后来他被分为两个大块，在南边的Gondwanaland 和在北边的Laurasia，他和那些在不同地壳上的大陆分开了并且向不同方向上漂移。

.如何找出复杂句中的谓语?

先找引导词，然后去掉随后的动词，还有动词的话，这个动词就是谓语。

2、形容词性从句=定语从句

引导词 (1)that/which/who(whom)(代词性)

(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)

结构 (1)that/which/who(whom)=S+VO=a.

This is pig that/which is very fat.

(1)that/which/who(whom)=O+SV=a.

因为代词性的引导词可以充当主语或宾语

This is the pig that/which I ate.(作宾语可省略引)

This is the pig from which I make fun.

引导词前的介词取决于后面的动词

This is the pig,which is very fast

This is the pig, (which)I ate.

This is the pig, from which I make fun.

(2)whose/when/where(非代词性)+SVO=a.

The book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.

This is the place where(=in which 定语从句) I grew up. When 用在后面也可能是状从,也有可能是定从。

.具体分析举例

In his hypothesis that he developed based on it……

看上去该句的based 是一个n-ed的形式，但是她又是修饰谁呢?In his hypothesis() he developed that based on it….

因此可以看出，based 修饰that，而在此句中，that指代 hypothesis.

.形容词性从句的省略

当that/which在定语从句中充当宾语时，可将其省略。

This is the pig that/which I ate.

This is the pig I ate.

当that/which在定语从句中充当主语时，且从句的谓语动词为be动词时，可将其同时省略。

The house, which was built in 1919,was destroyed.

The house, built in 1919,was destroyed.

.个别情况下，which/as在引导定语从句时，也指代前面整个一句话。

As the plates drifted, they may have diverged, which(指代前面一句话) was associated with the spread of the seafloor, or they may have converged, which(指代前面一句话) resulted in collision, subduction, and mountain building.

.系表倒装

主系表结构 变成 表系主 结构成为系表倒装只限于介词词组在句首时

1、My hometown lies in Jilin province.

In Jilin province lies my hometown.

2、A,B,C….are among the species of seabirds.

Among the species of seabird are A,B,C….

3、副词性从句 =状语从句

引导词 when/though/while/although……

结构 when+s’+v’+adj/v-ing/v-ed,SVO.

When he was young, Jack was always beaten by his father.

省略的条件 s’=S v’=be

省略 When young, Jack was always beaten by his father.

省略 Other(联系同一类的名词，也就是说前面提到了chemical defenses) possible chemical defenses, while (they are 省略) not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycolproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes the degrade cell walls.

托福阅读技巧：巧用关键词

托福考试阅读部分一篇文章一般较长，所以一般是以段落为单位的。有时候可能会有学生说我做题的时候并不会去看整段啊，或者有学生说我看懂了哎，但题目就是没做对啊!其实我们在阅读一个段落时要学会使用方法，是什么方法可以帮助我们快速阅读呢?

要读懂一个段落我们只需要抓住几个关键词而已。那么关键词怎么抓呢?一是看逻辑信号词;二是读句子的时候一定牢记只看主干!下面我们就以托福TPO25中的文章The Decline of Venetian Shipping为例，说说如何巧抓关键词。

TPO25-2 The Decline of Venetian Shipping：

Paragraph 2 This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade. First， Venic’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea， where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties， were lost to direct trading. In the fifteenth century there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars)： guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers， and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. In the early sixteenth century the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space)， with required fewer rowers. But the shortage of crews proved to be a greater and greater problem， despite continuous appeal to Venic’s tradition of maritime greatness. Even though sailors’ wages doubled among the northern Italian cities from 1550 to 1590， this did not elicit an increased supply.

以上算得上是托福阅读中较长的段落了，在快速阅读这个段落的时候我们要找的关键词是：逻辑信号词—如段落中所标示的first， but， this… 我们不难发现这些信号词所在的句子基本都是解题的信息点。那么在做题定位时不妨多加留意。当然，抓住这些关键词并不难，难在理解。

接下来我们就来看看理解这些句子时的关键词。每段话的首句是必定要读的。This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade。这是包含了一个定语从句的复杂句。先看到核心词changes，再看到Venetian shipping and trade。这篇文章接下来具体要写的内容就展露无遗，也就是威尼斯船业和贸易的变迁。

First，这当然是开始写shipping的标志了。Venice’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea， where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties， were lost to direct trading. 我们一直强调句子要读主干，那么简单地看这个句子就是Venice’s functions were lost， 核心词很显然是lost，也对应了整篇文章的主题 decline. 接下来两句写到了15和16世纪遇到的船员难招的问题。…there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars)： guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers， and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. 这句话中有冒号的出现，阅读冒号之前的内容there was little problem;到下一句：the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space)， with required fewer rowers. 这句中要看到的核心是not serious;再往后看到But….to be a greater and greater problem. 到这里意思应该已经一目了然了，就是讲威尼斯船业在招聘船员方面所遭遇的变迁：little problem—not serious —greater problem.

刚才我们讲了文章阅读部分要抓关键词，其实我们在阅读题目和选项时也是需要寻找关键词的。有些题目的选项是比较长的，四个选项看上去也差不多一段话了，所以一定要抓住关键词判断才行，如否定词、比较词和并列词。这些是快速浏览选项的第一步。再次也要看到题干和每个选项中能让我们快速定位到原文的关键词。我们还是以托福TPO25为例：

TPO25-1 The Surface of Mars

Paragraph 5 As on the Moon， the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface. Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way。

According to paragraph 5， what have scientists been able to determine from studies of large impact cratering on Mars?

A. Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought。

B. The age of Mars’s surface can vary from area to area。

C. Large impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high volcanic activity。

D. Some areas of the Martian surface appear to be older than they actually are。

划出选项中的关键词后，定位到原文迅速浏览发现原文中并无如A和D选项中的比较，C中的否定词not和原文是明显相矛盾的，故而选择B，而B选项对应的恰好是本段末句：Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way。

根据以上分析，我们应该明白在阅读之时何为关键词。简单地讲有定位关键词和判断关键词。定位关键词包括题干及选项中的名词，还有就是段落中那些一直向你示好的逻辑信号词了，不要忘记用它们找到你解题需要的信息。判断关键词是选项中那些有特色的词汇，包括否定词，比较词或者是句子主干中的动词等，根据这些词和原文进行对应，至少有一半的选项可以迅速被排除。